Mulligan, Gerry
[Gerald Joseph; Jeru] (New York, 6 April 1927)
Baritone saxophonist and arranger
He grew up in Philadelphia,
and first learned piano, which he still plays in public occasionally. While in
his teens he wrote arrangements for Johnny Warrington's radio band (1944) and
played reed instruments professionally. After moving to New York in 1946 he
joined Gene Krupa's big band as staff arranger,
attracting attention with his Disc Jockey Jump (1947, Columbia 37589). He then
became involved with the nascent cool-jazz movement in New York, taking part in
the performances (1948) and recording sessions (1949-50) of Miles Davis's nonet and contributing scores to the big bands of Elliot
Lawrence and Claude Thornhill. By this time he was
specializing on baritone saxophone and playing in groups with Kai Winding and
others. He also wrote scores for Stan Kenton's band and recorded with his own tentet (1951), which was modeled on Davis's
ensemble.
In 1952 Mulligan, then based in Los
Angeles, formed his first "pianoless"
quartet, with Chet Baker on trumpet. The group was instantaneously successful,
and brought Baker and Mulligan international acclaim. Mulligan led a new tentet and various versions of the quartet throughout the
mid-1950s; he made a sensational appearance at the Salle Pleyel,
Paris, in 1954 and began dominating
jazz opinion polls for his instrument. In 1960 he organized his own 13-piece
concert jazz band with which he toured Europe in that
year and Japan
in 1964. After it disbanded he became an active sideman, working often with
Dave Brubeck (1968-72) and as a freelance arranger
for other jazz groups. He formed a new 14-piece big band, the Age of Steam, in
1972, and was artist-in-residence at Miami
University in 1974. From 1974 to
1977 Mulligan led a sextet that included Dave Samuels, and during this period
he worked regularly in New York
and Italy;
around the same time he began playing soprano saxophone. He formed a 14-piece
band in 1978, and toured with it into the following year. During the early 1980s
he made recordings as a leader in New York
that involved experiments with a 20-piece big band (1980) and electronic
instruments (1982-3), but in 1986 he returned to a more familiar format as the
leader of a quintet with Scott Hamilton and Grady Tate.
Mulligan is among the most versatile figures in modern jazz.
Although slow to develop as an instrumentalist, he has long been recognized as
the most important baritone saxophonist in jazz since Harry Carney. Besides the
cool idiom which he helped to create, he is equally at home in a big-band, bop,
or even dixieland context (playing clarinet in the
last), and his excellent recordings with musicians as varied as Johnny Hodges
and Thelonious Monk show an unusual musical
adaptability. Initially, however, Mulligan made his reputation as an arranger
of band scores with intricate inner parts, careful balancing of timbres, low
dynamics, and light swing, all of which features are present in his settings of
Jeru, Godchild, and Venus de
Milo for Davis's nonet. Later he abstracted these qualities in his pianoless groups, where the low volume and absence of chordal underpinnings freed the wind players to improvise
in delicate two-part counterpoint. Some of Mulligan's
best playing may be heard in his recordings with Chet Baker, Bob Brookmeyer, and most notably Paul Desmond, with whom he
shares an unusual talent for improvised countermelody.
J. Bradford
Robinson
The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, © Macmillan Reference Ltd
1988